2 1 Step 3: y x Graph y = x3 and do one transformation at a time. Title: Shifting Graphs Created Date: 6/1/2005 10:53:29 AM. What is TextLab? TextLab is a web application that helps scholars, editors, and students analyze revisions of any written work, in manuscript or print, in order to create a fluid-text edition of that work. How Does it Work? TextLab's XML editor automatically inserts TEI tags for text. TextLab 1.4.2 – A text transformation tool. Developer Tools Mac AppStore TextLab. The TextLab is a text transformation tool, which is suggesting what operations can be performed based on your input. Supported operations: HTML, XML. Format; Validate & Clean up; Save as HTML, XML; Save as escaped HTML, XML. The binary numeral system uses the number 2 as its base (radix). As a base-2 numeral system, it consists of only two numbers: 0 and 1. While it has been applied in ancient Egypt, China and India for different purposes, the binary system has become the language of electronics and computers in the modern world. Welcome to TextLab. Sign up Forgot your password? Re-send confirmation.
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The certreq command can be used to request certificates from a certification authority (CA), to retrieve a response to a previous request from a CA, to create a new request from an .inf file, to accept and install a response to a request, to construct a cross-certification or qualified subordination request from an existing CA certificate or request, and to sign a cross-certification or qualified subordination request.
Important
Earlier versions of the certreq command might not provide all of the options described here. To see the options supported based on specific versions of certreq, run the command-line help option, certreq -v -?.
The certreq command doesn't support creating a new certificate request based on a Key Attestation template when in a CEP/CES environment.
Warning
The content for this topic is based on the default settings for Windows Server; for example, setting the key length to 2048, selecting Microsoft Software Key Storage Provider as the CSP, and using Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1). Evaluate these selections against the requirements of your company's security policy.
Syntax
Parameters
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| -submit | Submits a request to a certificate authority. |
-retrieve | Retrieves a response to a previous request from a certificate authority. |
| -new | Creates a new request from an .inf file. |
| -accept | Accepts and installs a response to a certificate request. |
| -policy | Sets the policy for a request. |
| -sign | Signs a cross-certification or qualified subordination request. |
| -enroll | Enrolls for or renews a certificate. |
| -? | Displays a list of certreq syntax, options, and descriptions. |
| Displays help for the parameter specified. |
| -v -? | Displays a verbose list of the certreq syntax, options, and descriptions. |
Examples
certreq -submit
To submit a simple certificate request:
Remarks
This is the default certreq.exe parameter. If no option is specified at the command-line prompt, certreq.exe attempts to submit a certificate request to a certificate authority. You must specify a certificate request file when using the –submit option. Adobe lightroom cc 6 14. If this parameter is omitted, a common File Open window appears, letting you select the appropriate certificate request file.
To request a certificate by specifying the SAN attribute, see the How to use the certreq.exe utility to create and submit a certificate request section of Microsoft Knowledge Base article 931351 How to add a Subject Alternative Name to a secure LDAP certificate.
certreq -retrieve
To retrieve certificate ID 20 and to create a certificate file (.cer), named MyCertificate:
Remarks
Use certreq -retrieve requestid to retrieve the certificate after the certificate authority has issued it. The requestid PKC can be a decimal or hex with 0x prefix and it can be a certificate serial number with no 0x prefix. You can also use it to retrieve any certificate that has ever been issued by the certificate authority, including revoked or expired certificates, without regard to whether the certificate's request was ever in the pending state.
If you submit a request to the certificate authority, the policy module of the certificate authority might leave the request in a pending state and return the requestid to the certreq caller for display. Eventually, the certificate authority's administrator will issue the certificate or deny the request.
certreq -new
To create a new request: Canigo 0 4 4.
The following are some of the possible sections that may be added to the INF file:
[newrequest]
This area of the INF file is mandatory for any new certificate request templates, and must include at least one parameter with a value.
| Key1 | Description | Value2 | Example | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Several apps rely on the subject information in a certificate. We recommend specifying a value for this key. If the subject isn't set here, we recommend you include a subject name as part of the subject alternative name certificate extension. | Relative Distinguished Name string values | Subject = CN=computer1.contoso.com Subject=CN=John Smith,CN=Users,DC=Contoso,DC=com | ||
| Exportable | If set to TRUE, the private key can be exported with the certificate. To ensure a high level of security, private keys shouldn't be exportable; however, in some cases, it might be required if several computers or users must share the same private key. | true | false | Exportable = TRUE. CNG keys can distinguish between this and plaintext exportable. CAPI1 keys can't. | ||
| ExportableEncrypted | Specifies whether the private key should be set to be exportable. | true | false | ExportableEncrypted = trueTip: Not all public key sizes and algorithms will work with all hash algorithms. The specified CSP must also support the specified hash algorithm. To see the list of supported hash algorithms, you can run the command: | ||
| HashAlgorithm | Hash Algorithm to be used for this request. | Sha256, sha384, sha512, sha1, md5, md4, md2 | HashAlgorithm = sha1. To see the list of supported hash algorithms use: certutil -oid 1 | findstr pwszCNGAlgid | findstr /v CryptOIDInfo |
| KeyAlgorithm | The algorithm that will be used by the service provider to generate a public and private key pair. | RSA, DH, DSA, ECDH_P256, ECDH_P521, ECDSA_P256, ECDSA_P384, ECDSA_P521 | KeyAlgorithm = RSA | ||
| KeyContainer | We don't recommend setting this parameter for new requests where new key material is generated. The key container is automatically generated and maintained by the system. For requests where the existing key material should be used, this value can be set to the key-container name of the existing key. Use the | Random string value Tip: Use double quotes around any INF key value that has blanks or special characters to avoid potential INF parsing issues. | KeyContainer = {C347BD28-7F69-4090-AA16-BC58CF4D749C} | ||
| KeyLength | Defines the length of the public and private key. The key length has an impact on the security level of the certificate. Greater key length usually provides a higher security level; however, some applications may have limitations regarding the key length. | Any valid key length that is supported by the cryptographic service provider. | KeyLength = 2048 | ||
| KeySpec | Determines if the key can be used for signatures, for Exchange (encryption), or for both. | AT_NONE, AT_SIGNATURE, AT_KEYEXCHANGE | KeySpec = AT_KEYEXCHANGE | ||
| KeyUsage | Defines what the certificate key should be used for. |
| KeyUsage = CERT_DIGITAL_SIGNATURE_KEY_USAGE | CERT_KEY_ENCIPHERMENT_KEY_USAGETip: Multiple values use a pipe ( | ) symbol separator. Ensure that you use double-quotes when using multiple values to avoid INF parsing issues. The values shown are hexadecimal (decimal) values for each bit definition. Older syntax can also be used: a single hexadecimal value with multiple bits set, instead of the symbolic representation. For example, KeyUsage = 0xa0. | |
| KeyUsageProperty | Retrieves a value that identifies the specific purpose for which a private key can be used. |
| KeyUsageProperty = NCRYPT_ALLOW_DECRYPT_FLAG | NCRYPT_ALLOW_SIGNING_FLAG | ||
| MachineKeySet | This key is important when you need to create certificates that are owned by the machine and not a user. The key material that is generated is maintained in the security context of the security principal (user or computer account) that has created the request. When an administrator creates a certificate request on behalf of a computer, the key material must be created in the machine's security context and not the administrator's security context. Otherwise, the machine could not access its private key since it would be in the administrator's security context. | true | false. The default is false. | MachineKeySet = true | ||
| NotBefore | Specifies a date or date and time before which the request cannot be issued. NotBefore can be used with ValidityPeriod and ValidityPeriodUnits. | Date or date and time | NotBefore = 7/24/2012 10:31 AMTip: | ||
| NotAfter | Specifies a date or date and time after which the request cannot be issued. NotAfter cannot be used with ValidityPeriod or ValidityPeriodUnits. | Date or date and time | NotAfter = 9/23/2014 10:31 AMTip: | ||
| PrivateKeyArchive | The PrivateKeyArchive setting works only if the corresponding RequestType is set to CMC because only the Certificate Management Messages over CMS (CMC) request format allows for securely transferring the requester's private key to the CA for key archival. | true | false | PrivateKeyArchive = true | ||
| EncryptionAlgorithm | The encryption algorithm to use. | Possible options vary, depending on the operating system version and the set of installed cryptographic providers. To see the list of available algorithms, run the command: certutil -oid 2 | findstr pwszCNGAlgid. The specified CSP used must also support the specified symmetric encryption algorithm and length. | EncryptionAlgorithm = 3des | ||
| EncryptionLength | Length of encryption algorithm to use. | Any length allowed by the specified EncryptionAlgorithm. | EncryptionLength = 128 | ||
| ProviderName | The provider name is the display name of the CSP. | If you don't know the provider name of the CSP you are using, run certutil –csplist from a command line. The command will display the names of all CSPs that are available on the local system | ProviderName = Microsoft RSA SChannel Cryptographic Provider | ||
| ProviderType | The provider type is used to select specific providers based on specific algorithm capability such as RSA Full. | If you do not know the provider type of the CSP you are using, run certutil –csplist from a command-line prompt. The command will display the provider type of all CSPs that are available on the local system. | ProviderType = 1 | ||
| RenewalCert | If you need to renew a certificate that exists on the system where the certificate request is generated, you must specify its certificate hash as the value for this key. | The certificate hash of any certificate that is available at the computer where the certificate request is created. If you do not know the certificate hash, use the Certificates MMC Snap-In and look at the certificate that should be renewed. Open the certificate properties and see the Thumbprint attribute of the certificate. Certificate renewal requires either a PKCS#7 or a CMC request format. | RenewalCert = 4EDF274BD2919C6E9EC6A522F0F3B153E9B1582D | ||
| RequesterName | Makes the request to enroll on behalf of another user request.The request must also be signed with an Enrollment Agent certificate, or the CA will reject the request. Use the -cert option to specify the enrollment agent certificate. The requester name can be specified for certificate requests if the RequestType is set to PKCS#7 or CMC. If the RequestType is set to PKCS#10, this key will be ignored. The Requestername can only be set as part of the request. You cannot manipulate the Requestername in a pending request. | DomainUser | Requestername = ContosoBSmith | ||
| RequestType | Determines the standard that is used to generate and send the certificate request. |
| RequestType = CMC | ||
| SecurityDescriptor | Contains the security information associated with securable objects. For most securable objects, you can specify an object's security descriptor in the function call that creates the object.Strings based on security descriptor definition language. Tip: This is relevant only for machine context non-smart card keys. | SecurityDescriptor = D:P(A;;GA;;;SY)(A;;GA;;;BA) | |||
| AlternateSignatureAlgorithm | Specifies and retrieves a Boolean value that indicates whether the signature algorithm object identifier (OID) for a PKCS#10 request or certificate signature is discrete or combined. | true | false | AlternateSignatureAlgorithm = falseFor an RSA signature, | ||
| Silent | By default, this option allows the CSP access to the interactive user desktop and request information such as a smart card PIN from the user. If this key is set to TRUE, the CSP must not interact with the desktop and will be blocked from displaying any user interface to the user. | true | false | Silent = true | ||
| SMIME | If this parameter is set to TRUE, an extension with the object identifier value 1.2.840.113549.1.9.15 is added to the request. The number of object identifiers depends on the on the operating system version installed and CSP capability, which refer to symmetric encryption algorithms that may be used by Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) applications such as Outlook. | true | false | SMIME = true | ||
| UseExistingKeySet | This parameter is used to specify that an existing key pair should be used in building a certificate request. If this key is set to TRUE, you must also specify a value for the RenewalCert key or the KeyContainer name. You must not set the Exportable key because you cannot change the properties of an existing key. In this case, no key material is generated when the certificate request is built. | true | false | UseExistingKeySet = true | ||
| KeyProtection | Specifies a value that indicates how a private key is protected before use. |
| KeyProtection = NCRYPT_UI_FORCE_HIGH_PROTECTION_FLAG | ||
| SuppressDefaults | Specifies a Boolean value that indicates whether the default extensions and attributes are included in the request. The defaults are represented by their object identifiers (OIDs). | true | false | SuppressDefaults = true | ||
| FriendlyName | A friendly name for the new certificate. | Text | FriendlyName = Server1 | ||
| ValidityPeriodUnits | Specifies a number of units that is to be used with ValidityPeriod. Note: This is used only when the request type=cert. | Numeric | ValidityPeriodUnits = 3 | ||
| ValidityPeriod | ValidityPeriod must be an US English plural time period. Note: This is used only when the request type=cert. | Years | Months | Weeks | Days | Hours | Minutes | Seconds | ValidityPeriod = Years |
1Parameter to the left of the equal sign (=)
2Parameter to the right of the equal sign (=)
[extensions]
https://monnamolok1977.mystrikingly.com/blog/how-to-cut-in-macbook-pro. This section is optional.
| Extension OID | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 2.5.29.17 | 2.5.29.17 = {text} | |
| continue | continue = UPN=User@Domain.com& | |
| continue | continue = EMail=User@Domain.com& | |
| continue | continue = DNS=host.domain.com& | |
| continue | continue = DirectoryName=CN=Name,DC=Domain,DC=com& | |
| continue | continue = URL= | |
| continue | continue = IPAddress=10.0.0.1& | |
| continue | continue = RegisteredId=1.2.3.4.5& | |
| continue | continue = 1.2.3.4.6.1={utf8}String& | |
| continue | continue = 1.2.3.4.6.2={octet}AAECAwQFBgc=& | |
| continue | continue = 1.2.3.4.6.2={octet}{hex}00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07& | |
| continue | continue = 1.2.3.4.6.3={asn}BAgAAQIDBAUGBw& | |
| continue | continue = 1.2.3.4.6.3={hex}04 08 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 | |
| 2.5.29.37 | 2.5.29.37={text} | |
| continue | continue = 1.3.6.1.5.5.7 | |
| continue | continue = 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1 | |
| 2.5.29.19 | {text}ca=0pathlength=3 | |
| Critical | Critical=2.5.29.19 | |
| KeySpec |
| |
| RequestType |
| |
| KeyUsage |
| |
| KeyUsageProperty |
| |
| KeyProtection |
| |
| SubjectNameFlags | template |
|
| X500NameFlags |
|
Note
SubjectNameFlags allows the INF file to specify which Subject and SubjectAltName extension fields should be auto-populated by certreq based on the current user or current machine properties: DNS name, UPN, and so on. Using the literal template means the template name flags are used instead. This allows a single INF file to be used in multiple contexts to generate requests with context-specific subject information.
X500NameFlags specifies the flags to be passed directly to CertStrToName API when the Subject INF keys value is converted to an ASN.1 encoded Distinguished Name.
Example
To create a policy file (.inf) in Notepad and save it as requestconfig.inf:
On the computer for which you are requesting a certificate:
To use the [Strings] section syntax for OIDs and other difficult to interpret data. The new {text} syntax example for EKU extension, which uses a comma separated list of OIDs:
certreq -accept
Free slots win cash. The –accept parameter links the previously generated private key with the issued certificate and removes the pending certificate request from the system where the certificate is requested (if there is a matching request).
To manually accept a certificate:
Warning
Using the -accept parameter with the -user and –machine options indicates whether the installing certificate should be installed in user or machine context. If there's an outstanding request in either context that matches the public key being installed, then these options aren't needed. If there is no outstanding request, then one of these must be specified.
certreq -policy
The policy.inf file is a configuration file that defines the constraints applied to a CA certification, when a qualified subordination is defined.
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To build a cross certificate request:
Using certreq -policy without any additional parameter opens a dialog window, allowing you to select the requested fie (.req, .cmc, .txt, .der, .cer or .crt). After you select the requested file and click Open, another dialog window opens, allowing you to select the policy.inf file.
Examples
Find an example of the policy.inf file in the CAPolicy.inf Syntax.
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certreq -sign
To create a new certificate request, sign it, and to submit it:
Remarks
Using
certreq -signwithout any additional parameter it will open a dialog window so you can select the requested file (req, cmc, txt, der, cer or crt).Signing the qualified subordination request may require Enterprise Administrator credentials. This is a best practice for issuing signing certificates for qualified subordination.
The certificate used to sign the qualified subordination request uses the qualified subordination template. Enterprise Administrators will have to sign the request or grant user permissions to the individuals signing the certificate.
You might be required to have additional personnel sign the CMC request after you. This will depend on the assurance level associated with the qualified subordination.
If the parent CA of the qualified subordinate CA you are installing is offline, you must obtain the CA certificate for the qualified subordinate CA from the offline parent. If the parent CA is online, specify the CA certificate for the qualified subordinate CA during the Certificate Services Installation wizard.
certreq -enroll
You can use this comment to enroll or renew your certificates.
Examples
To enroll a certificate, using the WebServer template, and by selecting the policy server using U/I:
To renew a certificate using a serial number:
You can only renew valid certificates. Expired certificates can't be renewed and must be replaced with a new certificate.
Options
| Options | Description |
|---|---|
| -any | Force ICertRequest::Submit to determine encoding type. |
-attrib | Specifies the Name and Value string pairs, separated by a colon. Separate Name and Value string pairs using |
| -binary | Formats output files as binary instead of base64-encoded. |
-policyserver | ldap: Insert the URI or unique ID for a computer running the Certificate Enrollment Policy web service. To specify that you would like to use a request file by browsing, just use a minus (-) sign for |
-config | Processes the operation by using the CA specified in the configuration string, which is CAHostNameCAName. For an https: connection, specify the enrollment server URI. For the local machine store CA, use a minus (-) sign. |
| -anonymous | Use anonymous credentials for Certificate Enrollment web services. |
| -kerberos | Use Kerberos (domain) credentials for Certificate Enrollment web services. |
-clientcertificate | You can replace the name=value syntax. |
-username | Used with Certificate Enrollment web services. You can substitute -p option. |
-p | Used with Certificate Enrollment web services. Substitute -username option. |
| -user | Configures the -user context for a new certificate request or specifies the context for an a certificate acceptance. This is the default context, if none is specified in the INF or template. |
| -machine | Configures a new certificate request or specifies the context for an a certificate acceptance for the machine context. For new requests it must be consistent with the MachineKeyset INF key and the template context. If this option is not specified and the template does not set a context, then the default is the user context. |
| -crl | Includes certificate revocation lists (CRLs) in the output to the base64-encoded PKCS #7 file specified by certchainfileout or to the base64-encoded file specified by requestfileout. |
| -rpc | Instructs Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) to use a remote procedure call (RPC) server connection instead of Distributed COM. |
| -adminforcemachine | Use the Key Service or impersonation to submit the request from Local System context. Requires that the user invoking this option be a member of Local Administrators. |
| -renewonbehalfof | Submit a renewal on behalf of the subject identified in the signing certificate. This sets CR_IN_ROBO when calling ICertRequest::Submit method |
| -f | Force existing files to be overwritten. This also bypasses caching templates and policy. |
| -q | Use silent mode; suppress all interactive prompts. |
| -unicode | Writes Unicode output when standard output is redirected or piped to another command, which helps when invoked from Windows PowerShell scripts. |
| -unicodetext | Sends Unicode output when writing base64 text encoded data blobs to files. |
Formats
| Formats | Description |
|---|---|
| requestfilein | Base64-encoded or binary input file name: PKCS #10 certificate request, CMS certificate request, PKCS #7 certificate renewal request, X.509 certificate to be cross-certified, or KeyGen tag format certificate request. |
| requestfileout | Base64-encoded output file name. |
| certfileout | Base64-encoded X-509 file name. |
| PKCS10fileout | For use with the certreq -policy parameter only. Base64-encoded PKCS10 output file name. |
| certchainfileout | Base64-encoded PKCS #7 file name. |
| fullresponsefileout | Base64-encoded full response file name. |
| policyfilein | For use with the certreq -policy parameter only. INF file containing a textual representation of extensions used to qualify a request. |
Additional Resources
The following articles contain examples of certreq usage:
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단폴더 500, 상한가 1500 자금력 강한사이트 스피드! [ 추천코드 : korea ]
자금력 강한 아레나!! [ 추천코드 : super ]
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